What Is The Terracotta Army And Why Was It Built? (40+ Solutions）

Posted On June 16, 2021 / Written by yelang

The Terracotta Army is a wide collection of several terracotta carved figures representing the military troops of Qin Shi Huang, who was the first Chinese emperor. It is described as funerary artwork buried with the emperor. The sole intention was to offer him and his tomb maximum protection after his death and as his afterlife continues in the underworld.

The well-crafted and organized figures were discovered in 1974 by local farmers in Lintong County, outside Xi’an, China. The figures vary in their height, depending on their roles. The generals were the tallest, the intermediates were slightly shorter, and the regular soldiers were much shorter heightwise, and their armor was less detailed than the rest.

If you look through the collection, you will find chariots, warriors, and horses. It includes 8,000 soldiers and about 130 chariots that have 150 Calvary horses and 520 regular horses. Other terracotta non-military figures that you may find in other pits are acrobats, musicians, acrobats, and important officials that emperor Qin valued.

That said, we will look extensively into what year the warriors were designed and built, why they were created, how they were manufactured, and how many they are.

what is the terracotta army?

The Terracotta Army, also known as the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, was constructed during the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huang around 246 BC. It is considered one of the rare artifacts among the top ten ancient tombs and is recognized as one of the Eight Wonders of the World. The Terracotta Army is part of the mausoleum complex of Emperor Qin Shi Huang and was discovered in 1974 in Lintong District, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China.

what is the terracotta army called?

The Terracotta Army, also known as the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, is a collection of life-sized clay sculptures that depict the army of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China. It was created to accompany him in the afterlife and protect him in his burial complex. The army consists of thousands of individually crafted soldiers, horses, chariots, and other figures, each with unique facial expressions and details. The Terracotta Army is considered one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the 20th century and provides valuable insights into ancient Chinese history, art, and military practices.

where was the terracotta army found?

The Terracotta Army pits are located on the eastern side of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum and serve as large-scale accompanying burial pits for the Qin Dynasty. They were discovered in 1974. Currently, four pits have been excavated, with a total area of over 25,000 square meters. In February 1974, local farmers accidentally discovered the Terracotta Army approximately 1.5 kilometers east of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum while digging a well. As a result, an underground army that had been buried for over two thousand years was uncovered. The Terracotta Army pits are the accompanying burial pits of Emperor Qin Shi Huang and are designated as Pit 1, Pit 2, and Pit 3.

who discovered the terracotta army?

The discovery of the Terracotta Army by nine farmers, including Yang Zhifa, Yang Yansheng, Yang Peiyan, and Yang Xinman, originated in March 1974. At that time, in the village of Xiàhé, Yang Zhifa, Yang Yansheng, Yang Peiyan, Yang Xinman, and others were digging a well to the south of the village. The well happened to be located at the southeast corner of Pit 1, and they gradually unearthed a large number of fragments. In mid-July 1974, an archaeological excavation team composed of the Shaanxi Provincial Museum, the Cultural Relics Bureau, and the Lintong County Cultural Center arrived at the excavation site of the Terracotta Army pits. As the work progressed and the scope expanded, additional personnel specializing in archaeology, preservation, and restoration were added to the team from 1976 to 1978. More than ten restoration groups were formed to carry out large-scale restoration and repair of the Terracotta Army.

how was the terracotta army found?

In the spring of 1974, local farmers were digging a well when they discovered a round-shaped pottery object. As they continued digging, they realized it was a “wa-pen-ye” (a type of ancient pottery figurine) standing on top of the terracotta warriors. The farmers believed that the object was causing them to not find water, so they decided to lift it up.

A water conservancy worker contacted the Lintong Museum for assistance in identifying the object. The museum staff members were not fully aware of its significance either, but they decided to temporarily store it at the museum and conducted some adhesive repairs on the fragments. It took them over two months to restore three of the figurines. However, they did not report the discovery to higher authorities at that time.

Upon learning about the situation, reporter Lin Anwen from Xinhua News Agency rushed to the County Cultural Center. He observed that these “clay dolls” were approximately life-size, wearing armor, holding spears, and displaying a grand and spirited demeanor. He immediately concluded, “These could be precious treasures.”

Lin Anwen returned to Beijing and swiftly wrote an article titled “A Group of Qin Dynasty Warrior Figurines Unearthed from Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum.”

On June 30, 1974, Li Xiannian, a senior Chinese leader, issued a directive stating, “Recommend that the Cultural Relics Bureau and the Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee quickly discuss and take measures to properly protect this significant cultural relic.”

Personnel from the National Cultural Heritage Administration promptly flew to Xi’an and arrived in Lintong. After on-site surveys, they decided to form the Terracotta Army archaeological team to carry out excavation and cleaning work.

On July 15, a team of experienced archaeologists entered the area near Emperor Qin Shihuang’s tomb at the foot of Mount Li, uncovering a magnificent chapter in international archaeological history.

On October 1, 1979, the world-renowned “Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Army Museum” was completed and opened to the public.

what is the terracotta army made of?

The main materials used in the production of the Terracotta Army are clay, fine clay, straw ash, and actual humans. Clay is the primary material used to create the Terracotta Warriors and is composed of components such as silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The soldiers are made through the process of molding and firing the clay.

• Clay is the primary material used in the production of the Terracotta Army, composed of components such as silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The clay is then molded and fired to create the soldier models.
• Fine clay is applied to the initial fired models, allowing for further detailing and refinement of the warriors’ hair, expressions, and gestures, giving them a lifelike appearance.
• Straw ash (the husk of grains) is used as a supportive filler inside the soldiers. Since the Terracotta Warriors cannot be solid throughout, straw ash was used as the preferred filling material during that time.
• There is a rumor that suggests the Terracotta Army was created by sealing actual humans inside clay and then firing them. However, this is not true. The creators of the Terracotta Army were a group of lower-class craftsmen during the Qin Dynasty.

what is the terracotta army used for?

The Terracotta Army was initially built to protect the mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shi Huang. They were placed in the underground palace of the mausoleum to safeguard it from grave robbers. Each Terracotta Warrior represents a soldier from the Qin Dynasty’s army, with a total count exceeding eight thousand, showcasing the military might of the Qin Dynasty.

The Terracotta Army also served ceremonial purposes. They were displayed in palaces to demonstrate the authority and dignity of Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Additionally, some of the Terracotta Warriors were placed in sacrificial sites for religious and artistic value.

The primary function of the Terracotta Army was as burial objects for accompanying the deceased. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, burial customs underwent changes, and the practice of using figurines as burial substitutes emerged, replacing human sacrifices. In the year Qin Xiangong (384 BC), the Qin state officially abolished the practice of human sacrifices. Subsequently, the use of figurines as substitutes for human sacrifices became prevalent. The term “俑” (yong) originally meant human sacrifice, but as the practice of human sacrifice faded, it became a specific term referring to pottery sculptures, stone carvings, and human figures in tombs. The Terracotta Army is a prime example of using figurines as substitutes for human sacrifices and represents the pinnacle of this practice.

terracotta warriors craft

The majority of the Terracotta Warriors were created using the pottery firing technique. First, clay molds were used to create the initial form, which was then covered with a layer of fine clay for further sculpting, detailing, and coloring. Some were fired before assembly, while others were assembled first and then fired. The firing process ensured even heat distribution, resulting in a uniform color, simple tones, and high hardness.

Each step of the process involved different tasks and followed a strict working system. Initially, the Terracotta Warriors were adorned with vibrant and harmonious paint. During the excavation process, some of the clay figures were found with partially preserved vivid colors. However, upon exposure to oxygen after excavation, the colors would fade within seconds, turning into a whitish-gray hue. Today, only traces of the original painted decoration remain visible.

The craft of creating the Terracotta Warriors involved several intricate processes. Here are the steps involved in crafting these remarkable sculptures:

Design and Modeling: Skilled artisans and craftsmen first designed and modeled the Terracotta Warriors. They created clay models and molds to depict the soldiers, horses, and other elements of the army.

Clay Preparation: The craftsmen prepared the clay by mixing it with various materials such as fine sand, straw, and minerals. This mixture gave the clay strength and stability during the firing process.

Sculpting: Using the clay molds and models as references, the craftsmen sculpted each individual warrior by hand. They meticulously carved the facial features, hairstyles, armor, weapons, and other details to create lifelike representations.

Assembly: The individual components of the warriors, such as the head, torso, limbs, and armor pieces, were separately molded and then assembled together to create the complete figures. The craftsmen ensured that each warrior had the appropriate posture and stance.

Finishing Touches: After the assembly, the craftsmen added final touches and refined the details of the sculptures. They smoothed the surfaces, added intricate patterns and decorations to the armor, and fine-tuned the facial expressions.

Drying: The newly crafted Terracotta Warriors were left to dry naturally. This process helped remove moisture from the clay, making it ready for the firing process.

Firing: The dried sculptures were carefully placed in large kilns for firing. The firing process involved high temperatures, typically around 900 to 1,000 degrees Celsius. This process transformed the clay into terracotta, a hard and durable material.

Coloring: Once the sculptures were fired and cooled, craftsmen applied vibrant paints to give the Terracotta Warriors their distinct appearance. However, most of the original paint has faded over time, leaving the warriors in their natural terracotta color.

The craft of creating the Terracotta Warriors required exceptional skill and attention to detail. The scale and precision of the project, along with the sheer number of sculptures, demonstrate the remarkable craftsmanship of the artisans involved in their creation.

Terracotta Craft

The production of terracotta warriors involves three main steps. In the first step, a rough clay model, also known as the initial form, is created using clay molding. In the second step, a second layer of fine clay is applied to the base form, and further detailing and carving are done to enhance the features. The third step involves the assembly of individually made heads, hands, and torsos to complete the larger terracotta figures.

The created terracotta figures are typically placed in kilns for firing after they have dried in the shade. The firing temperature is around 1000°C. Once the figures are fired and removed from the kiln, they undergo the process of painting, where colors and details are added to the surface. It should be noted that during excavation, some terracotta warriors were found with remnants of vivid colors that quickly faded upon exposure to oxygen, resulting in a whitish-gray appearance. Currently, only traces of the original paintwork can be seen.

Based on the information provided by the broken terracotta figures, we can speculate on the production process. The heads and hands of the figures are first made using molds and then undergo detailed carving. The heads are often made using a joining mold technique, where the head is divided into two equal halves, each created separately using a single mold, and then joined together to form the larger head. The joining lines are usually located behind the ears and appear neat without overlapping structures. The necks connected to the heads are hollow. After the initial form of the head is made, additional clay is used to shape and attach the ears, hairstyles, braids, and headgear. The facial features are then intricately carved, with a focus on expressing different character traits and psychological features through careful sculpting and refinement. The beard and hairstyle of the figures also play an important role in depicting individual characteristics, and their depiction varies in technique. Although the heads are initially made using molds, the extensive detailing and individualized carving make it challenging to find two identical facial expressions. Additionally, there are various mold shapes for creating different face types, which adds diversity to the appearance of the terracotta warriors. Some scholars argue, based on field investigations of damaged terracotta figures, that the “thousand faces” of the heads were not produced using molds but were directly shaped by craftsmen, suggesting that the production of the heads was not standardized.

The torsos of the terracotta warriors are solely hand-sculpted. They are first formed into rough forms using clay and then detailed carving is done to depict clothing patterns, armor, belts, and other intricate features. The rough form of the torso is built from the bottom up, with each segment of clay layered on top of the other. The process can be divided into six main steps: creating the foot pedal for the warrior’s stance, sculpting the feet, connecting the legs and short pants, forming the torso, drying the larger form of the torso, and attaching the arms, and finally inserting and attaching the hands.

Once these six steps are completed to form the larger torso, further detailed carving and refinement are carried out. Clothing patterns are carved on top of a layer of fine clay applied to the rough torso, while armor, belts, and hooks are directly carved onto the rough form. After meticulous and detailed carving of the torso and limbs, the individually made heads are attached to complete the overall appearance of the terracotta warrior.

Color Painting Techniques

The terracotta warriors and horses unearthed from the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor were originally painted in various colors. However, most of the colors have faded over time, and only scattered remnants of paint can be found on the terracotta figures, with a few exceptions that still retain vibrant colors. Analyzing the remaining colors on the terracotta warriors provides valuable evidence for studying the clothing colors and military attire of the Qin Dynasty.

Preliminary statistics and analysis of the painted clothing colors on the terracotta figures reveal a wide range of colors. The upper garments exhibit colors such as light green, vermilion red, dark red, pink, light purple, sky blue, white, and ocher, with colored borders on collars, sleeves, and lapels. The pants are generally light green, but there are also variations in red, sky blue, light purple, and white. In summary, the clothing colors of the terracotta warriors are vibrant, but there is no uniform color scheme. Among the various colors, light green, vermilion red, light purple, and sky blue are the most commonly used, indicating that these four colors were the primary hues for the clothing of the terracotta warriors. Chemical analysis has revealed that these colors are derived from mineral pigments. Red is made from cinnabar, lead red, and ocher. Green is made from malachite, blue from azurite, purple from a combination of lead red and azurite, brown from goethite, white from lead white and kaolin, and black from amorphous carbon. These mineral pigments were the main colors used in traditional Chinese painting. The use of such a wide range of mineral pigments by the terracotta warriors indicates that the laboring people of ancient China, over 2,000 years ago, were capable of producing and extensively using these pigments, which holds significant historical and technological significance in both the history of color painting and world scientific development.

From the clothing colors of the terracotta figures in the pits, it can be observed that there is no significant difference in clothing colors between officials and ordinary soldiers, nor are there distinct color variations among different types of soldiers. Therefore, it can be said that each type of soldier in the Qin Dynasty did not have specific clothing colors, and even within each type, there was a diverse range of colors without uniform color regulations. This situation persisted until the early Western Han Dynasty, as although the old systems were destroyed, the establishment of the new feudal hierarchical system in terms of clothing colors and fabric textures was not yet fully established. Thus, from the Warring States period through the Qin Dynasty to the early Western Han Dynasty, there was a diverse range of clothing colors and textures, and there were no strict limitations on color and fabric among different social ranks. These characteristics of the historical period are also reflected in the terracotta warriors.

The painting technique of the terracotta warriors also exhibits many distinctive features. Prior to painting, the surface of the terracotta figures was treated. Since the terracotta has a porous surface without glaze, the surface should not be too smooth for painting. To achieve the desired effect, a thin layer of fine clay was evenly applied and pressed onto the surface before firing. This reduced the number of pores and improved the smoothness. Additionally, after firing, the terracotta figures underwent chemical and physical treatments. Observations of the cross-sections of terracotta fragments confirm the application of fine clay on the surface before firing, sometimes applied multiple times. There was also a thin layer of gelatinous substance on the surface of the terracotta figures. The application of this gelatinous substance facilitated the adhesion between the terracotta and the paint, preventing the paint from easily peeling off. Different painting methods were employed for different parts of the terracotta figures. Typically, the facial features, hands, and feet were first coated with a layer of ocher, followed by a layer of white, and then a layer of pink to closely resemble human skin tones. The clothing, such as robes, shorts, and shoes, were painted with a single color, while contrasting tones were used for sleeves, sleeve cuffs, and armor segments to enhance the texture of the armor. The treatment of beards and eyebrows involved painting fine black lines to simulate individual hairs.

In conclusion, the painting process of the terracotta warriors was complex and diverse, emphasizing color and texture to create a layered and lifelike effect. The combination of sculpture and painting achieved a harmonious artistic result. Some painting techniques can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. The color painting on the terracotta figures closely imitates reality, with warm colors predominantly used and cold colors sparingly employed. The skillful use of red, blue, green, and other hues effectively conveys the majesty of the Qin army.

Terracotta Horse Craftsmanship

The terracotta horses unearthed from Pits 1, 2, and 3 consist of two types: chariot horses and saddle horses for cavalry. The process of creating these horses involves separately making the heads, necks, bodies, limbs, tails, and ears, and then assembling and bonding them together to form a rough body. Afterward, they undergo secondary clay coating and sculpting to refine their shapes. Once dried, they are fired in a kiln and finally painted to complete the production of the terracotta horses.

When the terracotta horses were excavated, the horse heads were already broken at the seams, and traces of clay residue were found on the joint surfaces, indicating that the horse heads were made using molds. There are two types of horse heads: wide and narrow, each with a different production method. Narrow horse heads have the seam line located in the center, with two equal-sized pieces on the left and right sides. Each piece has concave depressions on the inner side, indicating that they were made using molds and then joined together to form the horse head. All the horses have open mouths, and the lower jaw of the horse’s mouth is individually shaped, carved with the tongue and teeth, and then attached to the lower part of the horse head. Wide horse heads are assembled by joining five clay pieces together, including one piece for each cheek on the left and right sides, and three hand-shaped pieces for the horse head. After assembling and bonding these five pieces together, additional clay is usually applied on the inner seam line for reinforcement.

The accessories on the horse heads, such as the ears and mane, vary in size, length, and thickness. They show traces of carving and scraping with a knife, indicating that these accessories were individually shaped and then connected to the horse heads. The necks of the terracotta horses are hollow, as are their body cavities. From the broken seams, it can be seen that they are assembled from clay pieces of different shapes. All the clay joints are covered with a layer of hard clay on the inner side, which is reinforced by hammering. Inside the body cavities of the terracotta horses, there are remnants of woven linen patterns and fine rope patterns, as well as circular hammer marks with a diameter of about 5 centimeters, indicating that the hammering process involved the use of woven fabric or ropes.

The legs and tails of the horses are also individually handcrafted. Once all the parts of the terracotta horses are completed, they are assembled together. The assembly sequence starts from the legs, then the body cavity, followed by the neck, head, and tail, forming the large structure of the horse’s body. Each terracotta horse weighs up to 245 kilograms, and during the assembly process, they need to be supported by stands to prevent deformation.

After the terracotta horses are assembled, some detailed refinements are made to their appearance. The exterior of the body is coated with a layer of fine clay and polished to achieve a smooth and even surface, enhancing the muscular appearance of the horse’s body. Clay blocks are added to the horse’s chest to sculpt protruding pectoral muscles, and the clay coating on the shoulders is thicker to depict the broadness of the scapula. The horse’s flowing mane is created using high relief techniques, with fine comb-like tools used to carve out individual strands of hair.

The saddle horses used by cavalry have slightly more intricate carvings compared to the chariot horses. On the horse’s back, clay is piled and sculpted into high relief saddle bridges and shallow relief saddle pads. Detailed decorations such as tassels, belly bands, and shovels are also created using techniques like subtractive sculpting or attaching clay strips. The decorative saddle nails and patterns are depicted using incised lines. The application of different carving techniques results in highly realistic saddle designs. The limbs of the terracotta horses are meticulously carved and polished, with rounded areas appearing smooth and glossy, while flat areas have distinct edges. The relationship between the skin, flesh, and bone joints is depicted clearly.

how was the terracotta army made?

Crafting the torso of the Terracotta Warriors, from the base to the collar:

The artisans created a mold out of clay, starting from the bottom and working their way up. They first made a square-shaped baseboard, followed by the feet, then the two legs and shorts. To depict muscles and bones and make the legs more realistic, the artisans performed detailed carving. The shorts were created by sculpting a circular band with rope patterns and attaching pre-made clay blocks as the pants. Next, the upper body was constructed by layering coiled clay strips upward. To secure the clay strips, the artisans inserted linen cloth as padding. This was hammered from the outside until they achieved a satisfactory shape and size.

Crafting the arms and attaching them to the torso:

The straight arms were molded using corresponding molds. The bent arms were divided into different sections, split at the elbows, and then glued together. The hands were the same for both extended and bent arms. After being sun-dried in a shaded area, the hollow arms were fixed onto the torso, and the warrior’s hands were inserted and adhered to the arms.

Crafting the heads of the Terracotta Warriors:

Shaping the heads is widely recognized as the most difficult and complex part of the process. Firstly, the artisans roughly shaped the front and back sides of the head, then glued them together, and used multiple layers of clay to sculpt various facial features. The artisans employed techniques such as kneading, carving, scraping, and pasting to create eyebrows, eyes, noses, mouths, ears, hair buns, and hat decorations for the warrior’s head. Each figure they painted had a unique face, and experts have confirmed that these facial features are replicas of individual Qin warriors.

terracotta army weapon

Weapons unearthed from the Terracotta Army pits can be classified into three categories based on their functions: short weapons, long weapons, and ranged weapons. Short weapons include swords and hooks, primarily used for self-defense. Long weapons include ge, spear, ji, shu, and bei, mainly used for close combat. Ranged weapons include bows and crossbows, used for offensive purposes. The quantity of bronze weapons among the excavated weapons is significant, with over ten thousand pieces discovered so far. Based on the identity of the weapon holders, ranged weapons were mainly allocated to lightly armored soldiers stationed at the vanguard and outer formations, while long weapons were primarily assigned to armored soldiers within the formation. Cavalry soldiers were equipped with bows and arrows, while chariot soldiers were equipped with bows, crossbows, ge, and spears. In a sense, the Terracotta Army pits can be considered a massive military museum.

Qin Crossbow: The manufacturing of Qin crossbows was as precise as modern automatic rifles. They could be fired with a delay and aimed accurately, different from bows that relied solely on arm strength. In the large-scale Pit 1, every infantry soldier “carried a quiver on their back and held a crossbow in their hands.” Pit 2 specifically featured a formation of crossbowmen. The bows and crossbows unearthed from the Qin Emperor’s Mausoleum Terracotta Army come in two sizes. The smaller ones have a range of 150 meters, while the larger ones can reach up to 900 meters, surpassing the renowned Han crossbow of the Warring States period with its range of 600 steps.

There are two methods of cocking the Qin crossbow. One is used by lightly armored crossbowmen who did not wear protective armor before the main formation in Pit 1. They engaged the enemy’s vanguard with a three-stage rapid-fire technique to suppress their momentum. Due to their focus on mobility, they could only plant the crossbow on the ground, stand it upright, and bend over to draw the string. The heavily armored crossbowmen in Pit 2 knelt on the ground when cocking their crossbows. If they stood up to draw the string, it would waste time, obstruct the line of sight, and disrupt the formation, causing chaos.

Bronze Javelin: In Pit 2, an exceptionally large bronze javelin was discovered, with each weighing 100 grams. It is twice the size of other bronze javelins found. This is not only the largest bronze javelin found in the Terracotta Army pits but also the largest known type in the history of weapons. Tens of thousands of bronze javelins have been unearthed, including tri-wing javelins and tri-bladed javelins that evolved from tri-wing javelins.

Swords: Nineteen bronze swords have been unearthed, and even after undergoing chromium salt oxidation treatment, they remain hard and sharp. The normal length ranges from 81 to 94.4 cm, and they are divided into ceremonial swords and combat swords.

Golden Hooks: Short weapons used for thrusting and hooking attacks.

Spears: Piercing weapons composed of spearheads, shafts, and spikes.

Long Bei: Resembling a sword, about 30 cm long, with a handle measuring approximately 3 meters, it is a sharp stabbing weapon.

Shu: A non-bladed weapon used by the ceremonial guards of the State Army.

Curved Blades: Resembling a curved moon shape, they lack a sharp edge on one side and have blades on both sides, serving as versatile weapons for cutting and hooking.

Based on the excavation findings from the Qinshihuang Pit, Qin infantry’s close combat weapons include long-handled ge, spears, ji, as well as some outdated weapons like darts and axes.

terracotta army colors

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses were originally painted with vibrant colors on their surface. When they were first unearthed, they exhibited vivid polychrome paintings in shades of vermilion, purplish red, pink, light green, light purple, light blue, orange, black, white, and more, totaling over a dozen colors. However, after being buried for over two thousand years, the pigments that survived the excavation oxidized upon exposure to oxygen and faded within seconds, turning into white ash. What remains visible today are only traces of the original painted decorations.

Preliminary statistics and analysis of the painted colors on the clothing of the unearthed pottery figurines indicate a wide variety of hues. The upper garments feature colors such as light green, vermilion, dark red, pink, light purple, sky blue, white, and ocher, with additional colorful borders on the collars, sleeves, and lapels.

The pants are generally light green, but there are also instances of red, sky blue, light purple, and white. In summary, the clothing of the Terracotta Warriors displays a vibrant array of colors, but there is no uniform color scheme. Among the numerous colors, light green, vermilion, light purple, and sky blue are the most commonly used, suggesting that they were the predominant colors in the clothing of the Qin warriors.

Laboratory analysis revealed that these colors were all derived from mineral substances. Red was made from cinnabar, lead red, and ocher. Green was derived from malachite, blue from azurite, purple from a combination of lead red and azurite, brown from limonite, white from lead white and kaolin clay, and black from amorphous carbon. These mineral substances are the primary pigments used in traditional Chinese painting.

Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses, located in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, are the most monumental, costly, and representative funerary figures in ancient China. The colors of the warriors and horses are diverse, and even after thousands of years of wind and sun exposure, the colors still evoke a sense of joy that transcends time and space.

Bronze-colored Terracotta Warriors

Bronze refers to the restored paint color and is the most common color seen among the warriors and horses. Bronze-colored figures represent the most primitive and traditional aspect of the Terracotta Army.

The bronze-colored warriors and horses exude the splendor and beauty of the golden age unique to ancient civilizations. In the context of a highly developed ancient culture, bronze color showcases the excellence of architectural and sculptural art. The finely crafted bronze warriors and horses vividly depict weaponry, armor, and decorations, showcasing the exquisite craftsmanship of the Qin Dynasty.

Red-colored Terracotta Warriors

Red-colored figures are common among the Terracotta Warriors and Horses. The bright and contrasting red color gives them a lifelike appearance, and the color is vibrant. Red symbolizes the authority and prestige of the imperial nobility during the Qin period. It is said that the soldiers of the Qin Dynasty preferred to wear red clothing, and this color gradually became adopted for the Terracotta Army.

The varying shades and brightness of red figures reflect different levels of status and taste. Red figures are primarily colored using a dominant red pigment, with the same level of craftsmanship and material as the bronze-colored ones.

Green-colored Terracotta Warriors

Green-colored figures are the least common but unique in appearance. They are primarily achieved by using natural minerals like turquoise and malachite. Green represents freshness, nature, tranquility, and symbolizes life, hope, and good fortune.

According to geological studies, the green color on the figures is formed by natural minerals found in the local area. After years of weathering, the green color has faded, but it remains distinct and precious. The green-colored Terracotta Warriors and Horses are a unique cultural heritage of China, imbued with a sense of time and space, leaving a deep impression on viewers.

Black-colored Terracotta Warriors

Black-colored figures are not only scarce but also have a deeper and more mysterious tone, giving a sense of weight and intrigue. Mr. Sun Jian Guang, a renowned calligrapher, once said: “Black is not only the absence of light, insignificance, but also the combination of the divine order and the destructive force of the universe. Black possesses a sense of existence, dominance, and purity.”

Black-colored figures exhibit high contrast, emphasizing the majesty of imperial power and the commanding presence of the generals. Black figures are often made using materials such as chromium-plated iron and black lacquer.

Bronze-green Terracotta Warriors

Bronze-green figures are restored using ancient methods and represent the oldest color scheme. The color tone derived from bronze is a natural and enduring hue, and it is referred to as “prairie bronze green” in the Terracotta Army.

The bronze-green figures have a soft and noble color, representing the color of the sculptures at the Linas Temple during the Tang Dynasty. This color also shares common characteristics with ancient Western Greek, Roman, and Egyptian cultures, exuding a classical charm.

Why did the terracotta warriors lose their color?

1. Firstly, the main component of the Terracotta Warriors is Chinese lacquer, which is a natural mineral pigment. The adhesive used by the Qin artisans was animal glue. After the terracotta figures were made, they were first coated with lacquer and once the lacquer dried, colors were painted on top. Most of these pigments were mineral-based, making them prone to fading. Additionally, lacquer is an organic substance that undergoes oxidation over time, resulting in the production of other substances or the decay of the colors on the Terracotta Warriors. As a result, the adhesion of the pigments on the figures weakens, causing the colors to gradually fade.

• Secondly, the Terracotta Warriors have been subjected to water immersion, which can contribute to the gradual fading of their colors. The region around Lishan, where the warriors were buried, experienced numerous floods, and the warriors were likely immersed in floodwaters, leading to the erosion of their colors.

• Thirdly, after being buried underground for such a long time, the Terracotta Warriors have adapted to the underground environment. When they are unearthed, they struggle to adjust to the aboveground environment and undergo rapid changes due to various reactions with substances present in the new environment. Consequently, the pigments on the warriors’ surfaces are likely to fade quickly.

In fact, it is regrettable that due to these reasons, the Terracotta Warriors have lost some of their original beauty, and we are unable to see them in their original appearance. This is a great pity.

how tall are the terracotta warriors?

According to the available information, the height of the Terracotta Warriors is approximately 1.8 meters (5.9 feet), with some reaching up to 2 meters (6.6 feet). In today’s perspective, this height can be considered “giant-like.” Among the more than 6,000 excavated Terracotta Warriors, the majority have heights ranging from 1.80 to 1.90 meters (5.9 to 6.2 feet), with an average height of 1.85 meters (6.1 feet).

Currently, there are two main viewpoints regarding the height of the Terracotta Warriors. One perspective suggests that their height represents the actual height of people in ancient times. The other viewpoint suggests that Emperor Qin Shi Huang exaggerated their height to enhance his own accomplishments.

To determine the true height of people in ancient times, one can refer to historical records or examine the heights recorded in unearthed ancient tombs. According to historical records, the height of Zhuge Liang was documented as 9 chi (Chinese measurement unit), which can be calculated as approximately 1.9 meters (6.2 feet). Similarly, Zhang Fei was recorded as 1.85 meters (6.1 feet) tall, and Liu Bei as 1.77 meters (5.8 feet) tall.

However, the height of the Terracotta Warriors can also be attributed to other factors. Firstly, the selection of soldiers often favored individuals with strength and stature, even in modern times when enlisting in the military. This was particularly significant during the era of melee combat and cold weapons, where physical strength played a crucial role. For example, the Qin Dynasty trained 200,000 new soldiers within 15 years, but the elite Qin Rui soldiers numbered only 1,600. This indicates that the Qin Dynasty had specific criteria for selecting elite soldiers.

Secondly, from a visual perspective, if the goal was to achieve a lifelike representation, the sculptures would need to be slightly taller than actual human height. The process of creating the terracotta statues of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s army would have also involved enlarging the proportions to convey the majesty of the Qin army.

Furthermore, the average height of unearthed Qin remains is estimated to be around 1.7 meters (5.6 feet), similar to modern humans. Therefore, the height of the Terracotta Warriors does not necessarily imply that the people under Emperor Qin were generally taller than present-day individuals. Additionally, the main force of the Qin army consisted of people from northern regions who typically had relatively tall statures. As burial objects accompanying the emperor, it was necessary for the Terracotta Warriors to exhibit an imposing presence.

how heavy are the terracotta warriors?

According to historical records, the average height of the Terracotta Warriors is documented as 184 cm (6 feet), with an average weight of 60 kg (132 pounds). They can indeed be considered as “true and authentic.” Archaeological experts, through careful cleaning, have discovered that the Bronze Chariots and Horses, specifically the Second Bronze Chariot, are comprised of a total of 3,462 cast components. The overall weight of the chariot is 1,241 kg (2,735 pounds). The Second Chariot measures 3.17 meters (10.4 feet) in length, 1.06 meters (3.5 feet) in height, and has a total weight of 1,241 kg (2,735 pounds). It consists of 3,462 individual parts, including 1,742 bronze castings, 737 gold castings weighing over 3 kg (6.6 pounds), and 983 silver castings weighing over 4 kg (8.8 pounds).

how many soldiers are in the terracotta army?

The Terracotta Warriors are funerary figures that accompany the ancient Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang in his mausoleum. They constitute a grand-scale and numerous group of pottery figurines. According to existing archaeological data, a significant number of Terracotta Warriors have been discovered to date, including Pit 3, Pit 2, and Pit 1. The estimated total count is around 8,000 or more. However, determining the exact number of individuals is challenging due to the diverse types of figurines within the Terracotta Army, including soldiers, generals, chariots, and horses, each varying in size and appearance. It is estimated that the total number of individuals in the Terracotta Army could range from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands.

Currently discovered quantities are as follows:

There are approximately 9,368 Terracotta Warriors associated with Emperor Qin Shi Huang. The burial pits of the Terracotta Warriors are arranged in a “H” shape, oriented from west to east. The earliest discovered rectangular Pit 1 contains over 8,000 soldiers and horses. Adjacent to Pit 1, Pit 2 contains over 1,300 pottery figurines and horses. On the other side, Pit 3 has yielded a total of 68 Terracotta Warriors.

how big is the terracotta army tomb?

The Terracotta Warriors are housed in three pits. Pit 1 is located in the south and has dimensions of 216 meters in length, 62 meters in width, covering an area of 13,260 square meters. Pit 2 has dimensions of 124 meters in length, 98 meters in width, covering an area of 6,000 square meters. Pit 3 has an area of 520 square meters.

A total of 800 warrior figurines, 18 wooden chariots, and over 100 pottery horses have been unearthed. Based on the current arrangement of the Terracotta Warriors, it is estimated that Pit 1, Pit 2, and Pit 3 may contain around 7,000 warrior figurines, 100 chariots, and 100 horses.

what was the terracotta army a part of?

The Terracotta Army was a part of the mausoleum complex of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China. It was created as a burial site for the emperor and was meant to accompany him in the afterlife. The army was buried underground in pits near the emperor’s tomb and was discovered in 1974 by local farmers. The Terracotta Army is considered one of the most significant archaeological discoveries in history and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

terracotta warriors types

The Terracotta Army can be divided into three main categories based on their appearance, clothing, and formation: infantry figures, cavalry figures, and chariot figures. Each category can be further divided into several subtypes based on their nature and physical features.

• Infantry Figures: From their equipment, infantry figures can be categorized as heavy infantry and light infantry. Based on their armor and headdress, infantry figures can be further divided into officer figures and soldier figures. Both officer figures and soldier figures are depicted without shields and helmets, showcasing the bravery and fearlessness of the Qin soldiers.

• Cavalry Figures: Cavalry figures are an important type of figure found in Pit 2 of the Terracotta Army. The horses are depicted in life-size proportions and are accompanied by mounted cavalry archers wearing light armor, making them suitable for mounted archery. The historical records mention the strict requirements of the Qin dynasty for warhorses and cavalry, but there are no specific descriptions of the cavalry’s equipment. The excavation of the cavalry figures provides a visual representation of the attire, equipment, and tactical characteristics of Qin cavalry from over two thousand years ago.

The 116 cavalry figures in Pit 2 are arranged in a rectangular formation: the front row consists of two columns of chariots and one column of cavalry, followed by eight columns of cavalry forming the main body of the army. When viewed from the front, it appears as three columns of troops, and when viewed from the side, it appears as eleven rows. The specific formation consists of groups of four cavalry figures, with three groups forming a column and eight columns forming a formation. Cavalry units were known for their agility, flexibility, and swift maneuvers, resembling modern-day rapid response units. Based on the arrangement of the cavalry figures in the pits, chariots still held an important position in Qin warfare, while cavalry played the role of a “mobile force” with their agile and adaptable combat tactics.

The Terracotta Army is composed of eleven types of figures, including General Figures, Officer Figures, Armored Figures, Battle Robe Warriors, Archers, Kneeling Archers, Equestrian Figures, Imperial Escorts, Kneeling Attendants, Standing Archers, and Charioteers.

General Figures: They wear a swallow-tailed headdress, battle robes, chest armor, and hold various weapons such as bronze halberds, swords, or shields. Their footwear consists of war boots with upturned toes. They have a resolute and calm demeanor, displaying the qualities of experienced generals with unwavering courage and strategic acumen. General figures are the highest-ranking figures found in the pits.

Officer Figures: Officer figures generally wear knee-length pants, a chest plate, long pants, pointed-toe shoes, and a double-sided headdress. They can be further divided into three subtypes based on their attire. The first subtype wears knee-length pants, a chest plate with colored shoulder straps and colored trims, long pants, pointed-toe shoes, and a double-sided headdress. They have their left hand on the sword. The second subtype wears a colored fish-scale armor with even hems at the front and back, a double-sided headdress, and holds weapons such as axes and spears. They stand among the infantry figures with a vigorous and commanding presence, indicating their role as mid-level military officers. The third subtype consists of light infantry officer figures who do not wear armor. They wear long robes, short pants, leg wraps, a double-sided headdress, and are positioned among the ranks of light infantry figures.

Armored Figures: These figures were popular during the Northern and Southern Dynasties period. They are made of clay and wear round helmets, fish-scale armor, red pleated skirts, white pants, round-toe shoes, and carry weapons with circular holes. Their right hand is positioned forward, and their left hand is placed on their abdomen.

Battle Robe Warriors: These figures serve as guards and are referred to as “short weapons” in Qin nomenclature. They wear armor and have a flat bun hairstyle with six braids at the back. Their right arm is flexed forward, holding a long weapon, standing with a commanding and heroic posture.

Kneeling Archers: They wear knee-length jackets, armor, and round-shaped headdresses, with both eyes focused forward and their hands positioned as if holding a bow and arrow.

Equestrian Figures: They wear round helmets, fur caps, knee-length jackets, pleated skirts, waist armor, and boots. They are depicted in a state of leading a horse, exhibiting a compact and dignified appearance.

Imperial Escorts: They wear flat buns, single-sided headdresses, brown armor without shoulder pieces, long pants, square-toe low boots, and both arms raised as if holding reins.

Standing Archers: They have hairstyles with braided buns on top, wear knee-length jackets with flared lower edges, leg wraps, square-toe shallow boots, and tightly tied shoelaces. They are turned to the left, with their left shoulder lowered, and their hands straight with the left leg bent forward and the right leg straight back, appearing to be drawing a bow and preparing to shoot. They have a spirited and powerful demeanor, alert eyes, tightly closed lips, a solemn expression, a robust physique, and a strong and valiant appearance.

Charioteers: Qin chariots generally have three members. The charioteer is responsible for driving the chariot, while the left and right members engage in combat with the enemy.

what was the purpose of the terracotta army?

The purpose of the Terracotta Army was to serve as a funerary art and to accompany Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China, in the afterlife. The army was created as part of the elaborate mausoleum complex constructed for the emperor upon his death in 210 BCE.

Qin Shi Huang believed that he would continue to rule in the afterlife and wanted to replicate the grandeur and power he enjoyed in life. To ensure his protection and authority in the afterlife, he ordered the construction of the Terracotta Army, which consisted of thousands of life-sized terracotta soldiers, along with horses, chariots, and other figures.

The army was buried in three large pits near the emperor’s mausoleum, which is located near the modern-day city of Xi’an in Shaanxi Province, China. The pits were carefully arranged in a strategic military formation, with the infantry, cavalry, and chariots positioned in a way that simulated a real army.

The purpose of the Terracotta Army was to guard the emperor’s tomb and provide him with protection, as well as to demonstrate his military might and ensure his authority and prestige in the afterlife. The army was meant to symbolize the emperor’s power, serve as a show of force, and accompany him in the spiritual realm.

It is important to note that the existence of the Terracotta Army remained unknown until its accidental discovery in 1974 by local farmers. Today, the Terracotta Army is recognized as one of the most significant archaeological discoveries in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It attracts millions of visitors each year and provides valuable insights into the history, culture, and military achievements of the Qin Dynasty.

what does the terracotta army represent?

The Terracotta Army symbolizes the brilliance of ancient pottery craftsmanship and serves as a prestigious emblem of China’s ancient glorious civilization. It is also hailed as one of the world’s top ten ancient tombs and a rare treasure. Furthermore, it represents the supreme authority of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who is regarded as the eternal emperor.

Historical significance: It embodies the wisdom of Chinese laborers, as well as the artistic achievements of the Qin Dynasty.

The Terracotta Army of the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang has immense value not only for the study of military history but also for art history and the history of science. It showcases the magnificent achievements of Chinese sculpture art 2,200 years ago, providing favorable conditions for the world to understand ancient Chinese civilization.

The Terracotta Army of the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is referred to as the “most significant archaeological discovery of the 20th century.” Its distinction from art treasures in Egypt, Greece, and other places lies in its stunning grandeur, enormous scale, and unique artistic structure. It immerses us in the Qin Dynasty, where we can witness Emperor Qin Shi Huang commanding thousands of soldiers and horses, leading the great endeavor of unifying the six states.

what happened to the terracotta army?

The Terracotta Army was buried underground for over two millennia before its discovery in 1974. When the tomb complex of Emperor Qin Shi Huang was constructed, the terracotta warriors were placed in their respective pits to accompany the emperor in the afterlife. The pits were sealed and remained hidden until they were accidentally uncovered by farmers in Lintong, Shaanxi province, China.

After the discovery, extensive excavation and preservation efforts have taken place to unearth and protect the Terracotta Army. The artifacts, including the life-sized terracotta soldiers, horses, chariots, and other figures, have been carefully excavated, restored, and displayed to the public.

Today, the Terracotta Army is housed in the Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum Site Museum, which covers an area of over 20 square kilometers (8 square miles) and includes the three main pits where the army was found. The museum attracts millions of visitors every year and is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Terracotta Army serves as a remarkable archaeological and historical treasure, offering insights into the military, artistic, and cultural achievements of ancient China. It remains an iconic symbol of Chinese history and attracts visitors from around the world who come to marvel at its magnificence and learn about the Qin Dynasty.

are all the terracotta warriors different?

According to various speculations, there have been debates regarding the creation of the Terracotta Warriors. Some initial theories suggested that each terracotta soldier was individually crafted based on real soldiers, potentially even using a layer of clay over their bodies. These speculations arose due to the diverse appearances of the warriors, with each one having unique features and expressions. Furthermore, considering the ancient era’s limited technological advancements and the practice of human sacrificial burial, some believed it was possible that actual soldiers were used for the creation of the warriors, especially given the grandeur associated with Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China.

However, these theories were later debunked by experts. Through the use of advanced CT scanning technology, experts scanned the interior of the terracotta warriors and found them to be hollow, contrary to expectations that they contained human remains. Additionally, some warriors were discovered to be damaged, further confirming their hollow structure. Despite these findings, there are still individuals who persist in believing that the Terracotta Warriors were created using real humans.

The persistence of this belief can be attributed to various factors. One factor is the controversial reputation of Qin Shi Huang. Although recognized for his greatness, historians have criticized him for his harsh rule, as exemplified by the burning of books and the burying of scholars. This negative perception of Qin Shi Huang may have contributed to the belief that he would resort to such extreme measures as sacrificing living soldiers. It is worth noting that some individuals may intentionally propagate these theories to tarnish his image.

In reality, the creation of the Terracotta Warriors was made possible by the assembly of top craftsmen from all over the country. Qin Shi Huang’s ability to construct such a vast and numerous army of terracotta soldiers was a testament to the highest level of casting craftsmanship of that era. Moreover, the strict laws and regulations in Qin State, particularly regarding the construction of palaces, ensured meticulous processes and procedures. Even the smallest details, such as the names of the craftsmen, were recorded on the bricks used in constructing walls. Given the scale and significance of the emperor’s tomb, it can be assumed that similar measures were taken.

From these observations, it is likely that the diverse appearances of the Terracotta Warriors were the result of craftsmen sculpting each soldier based on individual portraits or physical features. Experts have even discovered names inscribed on some warriors, potentially representing their actual names. This hypothesis appears to be more reasonable based on current evidence.

why is the terracotta army important?

The Terracotta Army holds significant historical and cultural importance for several reasons:

Historical Significance: The Terracotta Army is associated with the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, who unified China in 221 BCE and established the Qin Dynasty. It is a testament to the power, grandeur, and military might of the Qin Dynasty. The army was created to protect the emperor in the afterlife and reflects the imperial ambitions and funerary practices of the time.

Archaeological Marvel: The discovery of the Terracotta Army in 1974 by local farmers was an extraordinary archaeological find. It is considered one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. The vast number of intricately crafted terracotta soldiers, along with chariots and horses, provides valuable insights into ancient Chinese art, craftsmanship, military organization, and burial customs.

Historical Documentation: The Terracotta Army provides invaluable information about ancient China, including military tactics, weaponry, armor, and clothing of the Qin Dynasty. The diversity of the soldier figures and their intricate details offer glimpses into the social hierarchy, fashion, and appearance of soldiers during that period.

Preservation of History: The excavation and ongoing preservation efforts at the site have helped to protect and conserve this remarkable archaeological treasure. The preservation work has involved extensive research, restoration, and conservation techniques to safeguard the terracotta soldiers and other artifacts, ensuring that future generations can learn from and appreciate this ancient wonder.

Cultural Symbol: The Terracotta Army has become an iconic symbol of Chinese history and culture. It represents the rich heritage and ancient civilization of China and has become a prominent tourist attraction, drawing visitors from around the world. The site’s popularity has also contributed to the promotion of Chinese tourism and cultural exchange.

UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Terracotta Army, along with the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. Its inclusion in this prestigious list acknowledges its outstanding universal value and the need for its protection and preservation for future generations.

Overall, the Terracotta Army is important for its historical, archaeological, cultural, and educational significance. It provides a remarkable window into ancient China and serves as a symbol of the country’s rich heritage and artistic achievements.

terracotta warriors history

The history of the Terracotta Warriors, also known as the Terracotta Army, dates back to the late third century BCE during the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China. Qin Shi Huang ascended to the throne at the age of 13 and ruled from 246 BCE until his death in 210 BCE.

Emperor Qin Shi Huang was determined to unify China and establish a centralized imperial rule. As part of his grand vision, he ordered the construction of an elaborate mausoleum complex to serve as his eternal resting place. The mausoleum, located near the present-day city of Xi’an in Shaanxi province, was an enormous undertaking and required the labor of thousands of workers.

One of the most remarkable features of the mausoleum complex is the Terracotta Army, which was intended to protect and accompany the emperor in the afterlife. The army consists of thousands of life-sized terracotta soldiers, along with chariots, horses, and other figures.

The construction of the Terracotta Army involved a large workforce of craftsmen and laborers. Each soldier was individually crafted with great attention to detail, with variations in facial features, hairstyles, and uniforms. The soldiers were arranged in battle formation, reflecting the military organization of the Qin Dynasty.

After Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s death, his mausoleum and the Terracotta Army were sealed and remained hidden for over 2,000 years. It was not until 1974, when local farmers digging a well accidentally discovered fragments of the terracotta figures, that the world became aware of this extraordinary archaeological find.

Since the discovery, ongoing excavations have revealed the vast scale and complexity of the Terracotta Army. The site has provided valuable insights into the military, artistic, and cultural achievements of the Qin Dynasty. It has become a major tourist attraction and a significant symbol of China’s ancient history. The preservation and study of the Terracotta Warriors continue to contribute to our understanding of ancient China and its rich cultural heritage.

What year were the Chinese terracotta warriors made?

The history of the Chinese Terracotta warriors’ dates to approximately 2,200 years back to the Qin Dynasty . Most historical documents identify that its construction kick-started in 246 BC. During this time, over 700,000 skilled craftsmen worked for an estimated 40 years to complete the workload.

Why were the Chinese Terracotta warriors made?

The emperor’s tomb is sealed and is quite large. Also, it remains unopened to protect the artifacts that were included in the emperor’s burial. After the archeologists excavated the site, the painted surface on some figures slowly began to fade. For this reason, the tomb remains unclosed to prevent exposure to Xi’an’s dry air that damages the wonder. There are 4 main pits located towards the east of the burial mound. If you look closely, the soldiers were laid out in such a way to protect the tomb from the east side, where most of Qin’s conquered states lay.

Based on that background, there are three reasons why the Terracotta warriors were manufactured;

• The first one was to protect the emperor at the time, Qin Shi Huang, and his tomb. During his reign, emperor Qin killed many of his rivals and was always trying to protect him. However, he felt as though he still needed some sense of protection from his soldiers when he died. Following multiple advice sessions from his friends and colleagues, he chose to gather the skilled craftsmen in the country to start making pottery warriors that would protect him in his afterlife.
• The second reason was to show emperor Qin’s glory in the country and the world. The first emperor of China had a great sense of pride and considered himself the greatest emperor of all time. Because he wanted to be remembered, he decided to construct the Terracotta army, which is currently a wonder in the world.
• The third reason was that the army was to help him rule the underworld in the afterlife. Emperor Qin Shi Huang was addicted to power and wanted to prolong his reign over China. For this reason, he believed that if he built the Terracotta army, it would mean that he had a chance to rule in the afterlife and even in real life after his death.

How were the Chinese terracotta warriors made?

The terracotta warriors were handmade because during the time there weren’t any advanced tools to craft them. Over 700,000 artisans and laborers actively participated in the production and manufacture of the Qin Shihuang Tomb Complex and the Terracotta Army. Despite how many laborers there were, it took about 40 years to complete the process. Each warrior weighs about 160 kilos, and their average height is approximately 1.80 meters.

The primary material used to make the Terracotta soldiers was yellow clay. Many researchers and reports identify that all the materials used to make the army were locally sourced. The kilns for firing were distributed within a unique circle that had a radius of about 10 km. They were then crafted into separate pieces before assembly.

The main steps in the manufacture of the Terracotta soldiers were;

Step One

Obtaining the main ingredient, which is yellow clay from the inner East of China

Step Two

Crafting the different parts of the soldier’s body such as the torso, arms, head, legs, hands, and short tunic

Step Three

Assembling the essential parts

Step Four

Carving and refining the facial features and body details of the soldiers

Step Five

Air drying then firing the soldiers in a kiln

Step Six

Painting the soldiers with pigments to match the anticipated color and patterns

How many Terracotta soldiers are there?

Remember we mentioned that the Terracotta Army is a direct representation of the first emperor’s (Qin) troop formation with the soldiers and chariots arranged in a strategic manner in the pits. Officially, there are approximately 8,000 known Terracotta warriors. However, some archaeologists in China have come across over 200 others, making it the largest of its kind.

Towards the front of the formation, you will find three solid rows of crossbowmen. These were to launch a long-range attack. Right after was the main force, followed by chariots and infantry. Then, on the two sides, you will find a troop of cavalry, specially set aside to outflank the enemies. The military officers in the Terracotta army were divided into three strategic ranks based on merit, that is, junior, intermediate and high.

The junior ones possessed the regular officer crown and armor. The intermediate and high-ranking officials, on the other hand, had crows, and their armor was very different from the regular ones. The high-ranking officials were very few but easily distinguishable.

when did the construction of the terracotta warriors start?

After Emperor Qin Shi Huang ascended to the throne, he began the construction of his own mausoleum, which included the creation of the Terracotta Army. The construction of the Terracotta Army is believed to have started around 246 or 247 BCE. The process of building Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum spanned his entire lifetime and took 39 years, culminating in its completion in 208 BCE. The purpose of creating the Terracotta Army was to establish an underground kingdom for Emperor Qin Shi Huang and to construct his tomb. The construction project lasted for several decades and involved the excavation of several large pits to accommodate the grandeur of the army. The scale and magnificence of the mausoleum and the Terracotta Army make it a remarkable feat in the history of architecture and a world wonder.

when were the terracotta warriors finished?

how long did it take to build the terracotta army?After ascending to the throne at the age of 13, Emperor Qin Shi Huang began the construction of his mausoleum, including the Terracotta Army, around 246 or 247 BCE. The construction of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum spanned his entire lifetime and took 39 years, culminating in its completion in 208 BCE. According to historical records, the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is located at the foot of Mount Li, east of the county city of Lintong, over 30 kilometers from Xi’an city. From the beginning of his reign, Emperor Qin Shi Huang started building his funerary complex, with the planning and design of the tomb entrusted to the Prime Minister at that time, Li Si, and the supervision overseen by the general Zhang Han. The construction of the entire funerary complex took 38 years and was only halted upon the emperor’s death.

when were the terracotta warriors buried?

The Terracotta Army that we see today, with the orderly arrangement of individual figures and horses separated by earth walls, is indeed magnificent. One may wonder if the Terracotta Army was buried in this exact formation. During the initial excavation of the pits, the pottery figures, horses, and chariots were found buried in the ground. Archaeologists had to carefully uncover them, using tools such as shovels, brushes, scalpels, and small instruments like picks to clean them. However, based on the overall architectural structure of the pit and various traces left behind, archaeologists have reconstructed the construction process.

First, a large pit, about 5 meters deep, was dug according to the scale of the pit. The foundation was compacted, and then ten layers of earth walls were built to divide the pit into eleven passageways, each of which was paved with blue bricks. At the base of the earth walls were wooden stakes, on which stood columns, and on the columns were lintels aligned with the direction of the earth walls. Next, a roof framework was constructed on the earth walls and lintels, and mats were laid on top of the framework. Finally, soil was added to cover the mats. There were five inclined ramps on each side of the pit. During the burial process, the pottery figures were transported into the pit and placed in their designated positions. Subsequently, the ramps were sealed off, transforming the entire pit into a structure resembling an underground palace, albeit relatively simple in design.

However, during the late Qin Dynasty, the pit was deliberately burned by human activity. Over time, the decay of the wooden structures resulted in the collapse of the pit, burying the pottery figures under soil and causing severe damage. In summary, during the burial of the Terracotta Army, there was no filling of soil between the figures. The entire pit had a structure similar to an underground palace, and the earth walls in the middle were originally constructed to support the roof framework.

when were the terracotta warriors found?

The Terracotta Army was found in the Shaanxi province of China, near the city of Xi’an. Specifically, it was discovered in 1974 in the Lintong District, which is located approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) east of Xi’an. The site is part of the larger mausoleum complex built for Emperor Qin Shi Huang. The discovery of the Terracotta Army has since become a major tourist attraction and an important archaeological site in China.

who built terracotta army?

The Terracotta Army was constructed by the order of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.

The creation of the terracotta soldiers was primarily based on real-life representations, with intricate and vivid craftsmanship. Each terracotta figure exhibits different costumes and expressions. There are various hairstyles, gestures, and facial expressions, allowing one to discern between officials and soldiers, infantry and cavalry. Overall, the facial expressions of the terracotta soldiers exude the unique dignity and composure of the Qin people, displaying distinct personalities and strong characteristics of the era.

The majority of the craftsmen involved in the creation of the Terracotta Army were from the lower social strata of Qin at that time. It is estimated that around 800 craftsmen participated in the sculpture work. These artisans were experienced and skilled in the art of pottery. After completing the construction of each terracotta figure, chariot, or horse, they would inscribe their own names on them. This practice was part of the “inscription of artisans’ names” system in Qin, which ensured the quality of the produced terracotta soldiers and facilitated supervision and control over the craftsmen.

For instance, archaeologists have discovered hidden inscriptions on some of the humanoid figures, ranging from 2 to 11 characters. Apart from the identification numbers, the remaining characters represent the names of the craftsmen, enabling researchers to trace the origins of the creators of the Terracotta Army.

As a burial pit accompanying Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum, the Terracotta Army represents an unprecedented marvel of ancient construction. It required extensive manpower and resources, showcasing grandeur on a monumental scale. The multitude of terracotta figures and horses within the pits, with their lifelike appearances and diverse postures and expressions, exemplify the wisdom of the ancient working people. This is a source of pride for the Chinese people and a treasure of the world.

who did the terracotta army protect?

The Terracotta Army was created to protect Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, in the afterlife. Qin Shi Huang believed that he would continue to rule in the afterlife and wanted to ensure his protection and authority even in death. Therefore, the Terracotta Army was crafted and buried with him in his mausoleum to serve as his imperial guard. The army was meant to accompany and defend Qin Shi Huang in the afterlife, mirroring the military might and power he possessed during his reign.

Who destroyed the terracotta warriors?

According to historical records, there are different accounts regarding the destruction of the Terracotta Warriors. One account, mentioned in the “Book of Han,” quoting the commentary by Liu Xiang, suggests that after the death of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, rebellious forces led by Xiang Yu approached the burial site at Mount Li. They burned down the palaces and structures, including the characters representing palaces. It is also mentioned that later, a shepherd boy lost his sheep, and while searching for it with a torch, accidentally set fire to the burial chamber.

However, it is important to note that these accounts are based on historical records and interpretations, and there is no definitive evidence to confirm who exactly destroyed the Terracotta Warriors. Some scholars argue that the accounts may have been written as a cautionary tale during the Han Dynasty to discourage extravagant tomb constructions. They point out that the specific mention of the Terracotta Warriors being destroyed is not present in the texts.

Another perspective suggests that the fire that damaged the Terracotta Warriors may have been intentionally set by the Qin people themselves after the completion of the burial complex. This hypothesis is based on the discovery of decayed animal bones and fragments of deer antlers, indicating the presence of ritualistic practices related to divination ceremonies during the Qin Dynasty.

In summary, while historical records provide various accounts of the destruction of the Terracotta Warriors, the exact circumstances and responsible parties remain uncertain. It is an area of ongoing scholarly debate and research.

how old are the terracotta warriors?

The Terracotta Warriors are approximately over 2,200 years old. They were created during the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who was the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty in China. Construction of the Terracotta Army began around 246 BCE and continued for several years until the emperor’s death in 210 BCE. The burial site, containing the thousands of terracotta soldiers, was then sealed and remained hidden until its accidental discovery in 1974. Thus, the age of the Terracotta Warriors can be traced back to the period of the late third century BCE.

why were the terracotta warriors created?

The Terracotta Warriors were created to serve as part of the elaborate funerary complex for Emperor Qin Shi Huang. The emperor ordered the construction of the Terracotta Army to protect him in the afterlife and to demonstrate his power and authority even in death.

Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, believed that he would continue to rule in the afterlife and wanted to recreate his imperial army to accompany him. The army was meant to guard his tomb and ensure his eternal reign. It was a grand display of his wealth, power, and the scale of his empire.

The Terracotta Warriors were created with great precision and attention to detail. Each soldier was individually crafted and arranged in battle formations, representing different ranks and positions within the military. The army included not only soldiers but also chariots, horses, and other figures.

The construction of the Terracotta Army involved thousands of workers and artisans over several years. It showcased the advanced craftsmanship and organizational skills of the Qin Dynasty. The creation of the army also served as a symbol of the emperor’s authority and his desire for immortality through the preservation of his legacy.

why do the terracotta warriors face east?

There are four different interpretations regarding why the Terracotta Warriors all face east:

Waiting for orders to unify China: It is believed that the Terracotta Warriors were positioned facing east to symbolize their readiness to receive orders from Emperor Qin Shi Huang and march eastward to conquer and unify the Central Plains. Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Dynasty, was located in the western part of ancient China.

Gazing at the eastern immortal island in search of the elixir of life: Qin Shi Huang had a lifelong quest for immortality and sent Xu Fu, a court sorcerer, on multiple expeditions to find the fabled elixir of life. The warriors facing east may represent their longing for the eastern mythical island where the elixir was rumored to be found.

Alignment with the main entrance of the imperial tomb: The main entrance of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum is located in the east. Therefore, the Terracotta Warriors might have been arranged to guard the tomb entrance and protect the emperor’s resting place.

Random positioning: Some argue that the alignment of the Terracotta Warriors facing east might be coincidental and not carry significant symbolism. Due to the tumultuous events during the later years of the Qin Dynasty, it is possible that the positioning of the warriors was not meticulously planned and happened by chance.

terracotta warriors high ranking officer

Among the Terracotta Warriors, there are depictions of high-ranking officers and officials within the Qin Dynasty’s military hierarchy. These high-ranking officers can be identified based on various factors such as their armor, headdresses, and distinctive poses. Here are a few notable examples:

General: There are warriors wearing distinctive armor and headdresses that indicate their high rank as generals. They often carry weapons such as swords or halberds and are positioned in prominent locations within the army formation.

Officers with Ribbons: Some warriors are depicted wearing ribbons or sashes across their chests, indicating their status as high-ranking officers. These ribbons were a symbol of honor and authority within the military.

Military Advisors: The Terracotta Army also includes figures believed to be military advisors or strategists. These individuals are depicted holding scrolls or maps, suggesting their role in planning and advising military campaigns.

Chariot Commanders: Alongside the infantry soldiers, there are also terracotta figures of chariot commanders. These officers were responsible for commanding chariot units, an essential component of the ancient Chinese army.

It is important to note that while some warriors can be identified as high-ranking officers based on their appearance, the exact identities of these individuals and their specific positions within the Qin Dynasty’s military structure remain unknown. The Terracotta Warriors serve as a collective representation of the imperial army rather than individual portraits of specific historical figures.

terracotta warrior vs samurai

The Terracotta Warriors and samurai are two distinct historical and cultural phenomena from different time periods and regions. Here are some key differences between them:

Origin and Time Period: The Terracotta Warriors were created in ancient China during the Qin Dynasty, around 210 BCE, as part of the burial complex for Emperor Qin Shi Huang. On the other hand, samurai were a class of warriors in feudal Japan that emerged during the Heian period (794-1185) and reached their peak during the medieval period (1185-1603).

Purpose and Function: The Terracotta Warriors were funerary art created to protect and accompany Emperor Qin Shi Huang in the afterlife. They were meant to represent the emperor’s army and symbolize his power and authority. Samurai, on the other hand, were a warrior class in Japanese society who served feudal lords and played a role in warfare, protection, and the maintenance of social order.

Material and Technique: The Terracotta Warriors are life-sized clay sculptures made using traditional Chinese pottery techniques. Each figure was individually crafted and painted. In contrast, samurai were skilled warriors who typically wore armor made of metal, such as iron or lacquered leather plates, which provided protection in battle.

Cultural and Historical Context: The Terracotta Warriors reflect the military and political achievements of the Qin Dynasty in ancient China. They are associated with the centralized power and unification efforts of Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Samurai, on the other hand, were an integral part of the Japanese feudal system, embodying the values of honor, loyalty, and bushido (the samurai code of conduct).

Combat Style and Training: The Terracotta Warriors were not functional soldiers and were not trained in combat. They were sculptures meant for ceremonial and symbolic purposes. Samurai, on the other hand, were highly trained warriors skilled in various martial arts, swordsmanship, archery, and horse riding.

In summary, the Terracotta Warriors are a collection of clay sculptures representing soldiers from ancient China, while samurai were a warrior class from feudal Japan. The Terracotta Warriors were funerary art, whereas samurai were living warriors who played active roles in warfare and society.

 

terracotta warrior vs Easter Island Moai

The Terracotta Warriors and Easter Island Moai are both remarkable examples of ancient sculptures, but they come from different regions and have distinct cultural and historical backgrounds. Here are some key differences between them:

Origin and Location: The Terracotta Warriors were created in ancient China during the Qin Dynasty (around 210 BCE) and were discovered near the city of Xi’an in the Shaanxi province of China. On the other hand, the Easter Island Moai are stone statues found on Easter Island (also known as Rapa Nui), a remote island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, belonging to Chile.

Purpose and Symbolism: The Terracotta Warriors were created as part of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum complex to protect him in the afterlife. They represent the emperor’s army and symbolize his power and authority. In contrast, the Easter Island Moai were carved by the Rapa Nui people and are believed to have represented their ancestors and important tribal figures. The exact purpose and symbolism behind the Moai statues are still subject to ongoing research and speculation.

Material and Technique: The Terracotta Warriors are made of clay and were sculpted using traditional Chinese pottery techniques. Each warrior was individually crafted and painted. In contrast, the Easter Island Moai are carved from compressed volcanic ash (tuff) found on the island. The carving process involved using stone tools to shape and sculpt the statues out of the volcanic rock.

Size and Quantity: The Terracotta Warriors are life-sized sculptures, with each figure averaging around 6 feet (1.8 meters) in height. There are thousands of individual statues that make up the entire Terracotta Army. The Easter Island Moai, on the other hand, vary in size but can reach heights of up to 33 feet (10 meters) and weigh several tons. The number of Moai statues on Easter Island is estimated to be around 900.

Cultural and Historical Significance: The Terracotta Warriors are considered one of the most significant archaeological discoveries in China and provide insights into the history, art, and military practices of the Qin Dynasty. They are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Easter Island Moai hold great cultural and historical significance for the Rapa Nui people and are iconic symbols of their civilization. The process of carving and moving these massive statues has sparked curiosity and speculation about the island’s ancient inhabitants.

In summary, while both the Terracotta Warriors and Easter Island Moai are impressive ancient sculptures, they differ in terms of their origins, purposes, materials, sizes, and cultural contexts. Each represents a unique cultural heritage and offers valuable insights into the civilizations that created them.

terracotta warrior vs fu dog

The Terracotta Warriors and Fu Dogs (also known as Chinese Guardian Lions) are distinct cultural symbols from China, but they serve different purposes and have different characteristics. Here’s a comparison between them:

Terracotta Warriors:

Origin: The Terracotta Warriors were created in ancient China during the Qin Dynasty (around 210 BCE) as part of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum complex near Xi’an, Shaanxi province.

Purpose: The Terracotta Warriors were designed to protect the emperor in the afterlife and symbolize his military might and authority.

Material and Appearance: The Terracotta Warriors are life-sized sculptures made of clay. Each warrior has a unique facial expression, hairstyle, and attire that reflect the soldiers of the Qin Dynasty.

Quantity: The Terracotta Army consists of thousands of individual warrior statues, along with horses, chariots, and other figures, forming a large-scale funerary art ensemble.

Fu Dogs (Chinese Guardian Lions):

Origin: Fu Dogs are a traditional Chinese symbol that originated in ancient China and are prevalent in Chinese culture and art.

Purpose: Fu Dogs are often placed as pairs at the entrances of buildings, temples, and other important structures to act as guardians and protect against evil spirits and negative energy.

Appearance: Fu Dogs are mythical creatures with the body of a lion and additional elements such as a ferocious expression, a curled mane, and decorative details like scrolls or orbs. They are usually depicted as a male and female pair, with the male holding a globe under its paw symbolizing power and the female holding a cub representing nurture.

Material and Symbolism: Fu Dogs can be made from various materials, including stone, marble, or bronze. They are believed to possess protective and auspicious qualities, and their presence is thought to bring good luck and ward off evil spirits.

In summary, the Terracotta Warriors were created as funerary sculptures to guard Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s tomb, representing his military power, while Fu Dogs are symbolic guardians placed at entrances to protect against negative forces. The Terracotta Warriors are historical artifacts, whereas Fu Dogs are traditional decorative elements with cultural and symbolic significance.

terracotta warrior vs pyramid

A comparison between the Terracotta Warriors and the pyramids can be made in terms of their historical and cultural significance, construction, and purpose:

Terracotta Warriors:

Historical and Cultural Significance: The Terracotta Warriors were created during the Qin Dynasty in ancient China as part of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum complex. They hold great historical importance as one of the world’s most significant archaeological discoveries.

Construction: The Terracotta Warriors are life-sized sculptures made of clay. They were individually crafted by skilled artisans and arranged in large underground pits, with each warrior having unique features and expressions.

Purpose: The Terracotta Warriors were created to accompany the emperor in the afterlife, representing his army and power. They were intended to protect and serve him in the next world.

Pyramids:

Historical and Cultural Significance: Pyramids are iconic structures associated with ancient civilizations, particularly the Egyptian pyramids. They hold immense historical and cultural significance, symbolizing the power and wealth of the pharaohs.

Construction: Pyramids are large, monumental structures built with stone or brick. The construction of pyramids required extensive planning, engineering, and labor. The Egyptian pyramids, for example, were built using massive limestone blocks.

Purpose: Pyramids were primarily used as tombs for pharaohs and other royalty. They were constructed to serve as eternal resting places for the deceased rulers and were believed to facilitate their journey into the afterlife.

In summary, the Terracotta Warriors are a collection of clay sculptures created as part of an emperor’s mausoleum complex in ancient China, serving as guardians and representations of his army. On the other hand, pyramids, such as the Egyptian pyramids, are monumental structures primarily constructed as tombs for pharaohs, representing their power and serving as their eternal resting places. Both the Terracotta Warriors and pyramids carry immense historical, cultural, and archaeological significance, but they differ in terms of their materials, construction methods, and specific purposes.

terracotta warrior vs Sphinx

A comparison between the Terracotta Warriors and the Sphinx can be made in terms of their historical and cultural significance, appearance, and purpose:

Terracotta Warriors:

Historical and Cultural Significance: The Terracotta Warriors were created during the Qin Dynasty in ancient China and are considered one of the most significant archaeological discoveries in the world. They hold great historical importance and provide insights into the military and artistic achievements of the time.

Appearance: The Terracotta Warriors are life-sized clay sculptures representing soldiers, horses, and chariots. Each warrior has unique facial features, hairstyles, and armor, reflecting the individuality of the artisans who created them.

Purpose: The Terracotta Warriors were created as part of Emperor Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum complex and were intended to accompany him in the afterlife. They were meant to protect and serve the emperor in the spiritual realm.

Sphinx:

Historical and Cultural Significance: The Sphinx is an iconic monument located in Giza, Egypt, and is deeply ingrained in Egyptian culture and history. It is believed to have been built during the reign of Pharaoh Khafre in the Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Appearance: The Sphinx is a massive statue with the body of a lion and the head of a human, typically believed to represent a pharaoh. Its face is thought to depict the image of Pharaoh Khafre.

Purpose: The exact purpose of the Sphinx is still a subject of debate among historians and Egyptologists. It is commonly believed to have had a guardian or protective role, possibly associated with the pharaoh’s divine authority.

In summary, the Terracotta Warriors are a collection of clay sculptures representing soldiers and horses from ancient China, created as part of an emperor’s mausoleum complex. They serve as guardians and companions for the emperor in the afterlife. On the other hand, the Sphinx is an enormous monument in Egypt, featuring a lion’s body and a human head, believed to symbolize a pharaoh. Its purpose is still a topic of speculation. While both the Terracotta Warriors and the Sphinx are iconic and carry historical significance, they differ in terms of their cultural origins, appearance, and specific purposes.

terracotta warrior vs Sacrifice

Comparing a Terracotta Warrior to the act of human sacrifice is a comparison between an inanimate object and a practice involving the taking of human life. Here’s a brief overview:

Terracotta Warrior:

The Terracotta Warriors are a collection of clay sculptures created during the Qin Dynasty in ancient China.

They were crafted to accompany Emperor Qin Shi Huang in the afterlife and serve as his protectors.

The warriors represent the military might and power of the Qin Dynasty and showcase intricate craftsmanship.

Human Sacrifice:

Human sacrifice is the act of intentionally killing a human being as an offering or ritualistic act.

It has been practiced in various cultures and historical periods for a range of reasons, including religious, ceremonial, or propitiatory purposes.

Human sacrifice often involved the belief that it would appease gods, ensure fertility, bring prosperity, or serve as a form of punishment.

It is important to note that human sacrifice is generally regarded as a morally and ethically unacceptable practice in contemporary societies. It is considered a violation of human rights and is illegal in most countries. In contrast, the Terracotta Warriors are artistic and cultural artifacts, created as a form of tribute to the emperor and as guardians in the afterlife.

In summary, the Terracotta Warriors are statues that represent the military prowess and cultural significance of the Qin Dynasty, while human sacrifice refers to the historical practice of intentionally taking human life for ritualistic or religious purposes. The comparison lies in the contrast between an artistic creation and a controversial practice with significant ethical considerations.

Conclusion

During its discovery, everyone in different parts of the world marveled at its enormous size and overall design. Based on its statistics, organization, manufacturing process, and reasons for its existence, it became the 8th wonder of the world. It acquired this title (8th wonder of the world) in 1978, when the former Prime Minister of France, Chirac recognized and praised it for its glory. In 1987, it then became a UNESCO world heritage site and an attraction site.